各选举人应于其本身所属的州内集会,每人投票选举二人,其中至少应有一人不属本州岛岛居民。选举人应开列全体被选人名单,注明每人所得票数;他们还应签名作证明,并将封印后的名单送至合众国政府所在地交与参议院议长。参议院议长应于参众两院全体议员之前,开拆所有来件,然后计算票数。得票最多者,如其所得票数超过全体选举人的半数,即当选为总统;如同时不止一人得票过半数,且又得同等票数,则众议院应立即投票表决,选举其中一人为总统;如无人得票过半数,则众议院应自得票最多之前五名中用同样方法选举总统。但依此法选举总统时,应以州为单位,每州之代表共有一票;如全国三分之二的州各有一名或多名众议员出席,即构成选举总统的法定人数;当选总统者需获全部州的过半数票。在每次这样的选举中,于总统选出后,其获得选举人所投票数最多者,即为副总统。但如有二人或二人以上得票相等时,则应由参议院投票表决,选举其中一人为副总统。(注:本段落条款为1804年通过之第12宪法修正案所修改)
国会得决定各州选出选举人的时期以及他们投票的日子;投票日期全国一律。
只有出生时为合众国公民,或在本宪法实施时已为合众国公民者,可被选为总统;凡年龄未满三十五岁,或居住合众国境内未满十四年者,不得被选为总统。
如遇总统被免职,或因死亡、辞职或丧失能力而不能执行其权力及职务时,总统职权应由副总统执行之。国会得以法律规定,在总统及副总统均被免职,或死亡、辞职或丧失能力时,由何人代理总统职务,该人应即遵此视事,至总统能力恢复,或新总统被选出时为止。(注:本段落条款为1933年通过之第20宪法修正案所修改)
总统得因其服务而在规定的时间内接受俸给,在其任期之内,俸金数额不得增加或减低,他亦不得在此任期内,自合众国政府和任何州政府接受其它报酬。
在他就职之前,他应宣誓或誓愿如下:「我郑重宣誓(或矢言)我必忠诚地执行合众国总统的职务,并尽我最大的能力,维持、保护和捍卫合众国宪法。」
日期:2009-09-18 02:40:11
Section 2 - Civilian Power over Military, Cabinet, Pardon Power, Appointments
The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to Grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
第二款:总统之军队、内阁、特赦及任命官员的权利
总统为合众国陆海军的总司令,并在各州民团奉召为合众国执行任务时担任统帅;他可以要求每个行政部门的主管官员提出有关他们职务的任何事件的书面意见,除了弹劾案之外,他有权对于违犯合众国法律者颁发缓刑和特赦。
总统有权缔订条约,但须争取参议院的意见和同意,并须出席的参议员中三分之二的人赞成;他有权提名,并于取得参议院的意见和同意后,任命大使、公使及领事、最高法院的法官,以及一切其它在本宪法中未经明定、但以后将依法律的规定而设置之合众国官员;国会可以制定法律,酌情把这些较低级官员的任命权,授予总统本人,授予法院,或授予各行政部门的首长。
在参议院休会期间,如遇有职位出缺,总统有权任命官员补充缺额,任期于参议院下届会议结束时终结。
日期:2009-09-18 02:51:20
White House白宫照片实拍。
其实就是个白色的大房子,很难称为宫殿。并且还隐藏在树木中,隔着很远就有丨警丨察警戒线,不能靠近。
白宫的左手是财政部大楼。隔着硕大的草坪面对的就是华盛顿纪念碑。
没什么看头,俺拍了张照片,赶紧闪人了。倒是常有电视台之类在这边制作节目。
日期:2009-09-19 02:21:46
Section 3 - State of the Union, Convening Congress
He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.
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第三款: 联邦、召集国会
总统应经常向国会报告联邦的情况,并向国会提出他认为必要和适当的措施,供其考虑;在特殊情况下,他得召集两院或其中一院开会,并得于两院对于休会时间意见不一致时,命令两院休会到他认为适当的时期为止;他应接见大使和公使;他应注意使法律切实执行,并任命所有合众国的军官。
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Section 4 - Disqualification
The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
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第四款:免职
合众国总统、副总统及其它所有文官,因叛国、贿赂或其它重罪和轻罪,被弹劾而判罪者,均应免职。
日期:2009-09-21 09:30:24
美国总统选举中的“选举人团制度”
在来美国之前,俺一直以为,美国总统选举是全国选民直接投票,哪个候选人得到的选票最多就能当选总统来着。2008年奥巴马和拜登竞选总统,美国各个地方的选举广告和材料四处都是,才使得俺更正了一些对美国总统选举的错误认识。“选举人团制度”就是其中之一。
“选举人团制度”简而言之就是,全国按照州分成各个大选区域,每个选区拥有不同票数的“选举人票”,哪个候选人获得的“选举人票”过270张就意味着竞选总统成功。要说明的几点是:
一、各州的选举人票数是这个州的参议员数(每州两个)加上该州众议员人数(与人口数量有关)之和。所以美国全国50个州,共100名参议员,435名众议员,另外要加上华盛顿所在DC特别区的3个选举人票,总共538张选举人票。只要候选人能够获得270张“选举人票”,那么他就是成功当选总统了。